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In the 21st century, due to climate change, a further increase in extreme events is expected. We must understand and predict these events as best as possible for the protection of humankind and the environment as well as for supporting a sustainable development of the Earth system. In particular, it is essential to realize this for the land system, which consists of soil, land cover and the atmosphere and includes the various human impacts on this system. The land system is also referred to as the “Critical Zone” (see Richter et al., 2018).
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